This quick guide provides a comprehensive overview of WiFi networking and valuable tips and tricks to assist you in optimizing the performance of your WiFi-based networking.

Common types of WiFi, in order of latest to oldest:

1. Wi-Fi-802.11ac is the latest / greatest WiFi 5 protocol, released in 2013. It is known and favored for high throughput applications. It operates on the 5 GHz frequency. It uses MIMO and spatial diversity to serve up to 4 clients simultaneously with a data throughput of 1 gigabit/sec. WiFi 5 products have been released in two waves, with wave 2 supporting more devices.
2. Wi-Fi-802.11n was released in 2009 as WiFi 4. Its distinctive feature is the use of multiple antennas to increase the data rates that can be achieved. This MIMO or antenna diversity strategy boosts data rates to 74 Mbit/sec with OFDM data transfer.
3. Wi-Fi-802.11g or WiFi 3 operates at 2.4 GHz and has data rates ranging between 3 and 54 Mbit/sec with a 20 MHz bandwidth. It uses CSMA/CA and OFDM to encode and distribute transmitted data across over 50 sub-carrier frequencies. Hardware from this version is fully backward compatible.
4. Wi-Fi-802.11b also known as WiFi 1 was first released in 1999 and specifies wireless networking with data rates up to 11 Mbits per second, using the 2.4 GHz frequency band. In particular, it uses carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) , a media access protocol that allows multiple devices to transmit data packets over the WiFi network without them colliding.
5. Wi-Fi-802.11a was released in 1999. WiFi 2 is characterized by its orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) compared to the Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) used in prior versions. This modulation technique produces robust data transfer with a bit rate of 54 Mbit/sec. This version of WiFi uses the 5 GHz frequency band but has slightly less coverage than its 2.4 GHz counterparts due to the reduced penetration at this frequency.

What is WiFi 6?

WiFi 6 is the latest iteration of WiFi and is due to be formally released in late 2020. Wi-Fi-802.11ax uses several unlicensed bands with operating frequencies between 1 and 6 GHz. It has dramatically increased speed and spectral efficiency. WiFi 6 devices are operable at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, and WiFi 6E specifies devices that can operate at 6 GHz. WiFi 6 is lauded for high data rates of up to 11 Gbit/sec and low latency. WiFi 6 features include multi-user MIMO and OFDM, which support far greater capacity and throughput than previous versions. WiFi 6 can help many WiFi devices on a single network.

See our detailed explanation of all WiFi types (WiFi network standards), including the advantages and disadvantages of each and the frequency bands used, etc.

SEE, network performance.

Key Components of a WiFi Network:

A fully functioning WiFi channel requires the following components for optimal connectivity which essentially mirror those of wired ethernet networks.

User devices include computers, smartphones, and other appliances or equipment with wireless capability.

Radio cards, also known as wireless radio Network Interface Controllers (NICs), provide wireless connectivity to user devices. Radio cards, PC cards, or mini-PCI are equipped with the relevant 802.11 capability and will operate according to the specific versions of WiFi they are programmed for.

WiFi Access Points (AP) are wired and wireless networking interfaces. APs contain a radio card that permits connectivity with networked routers and devices. Alongside the wireless radio card is a wired NIC that interfaces with the wired distribution system.

WiFi routers transfer data by selecting the best channels over which data packets should be sent to their destination. Many local area networking routers have ethernet connectivity and perform the work of an access point.

WiFi repeaters are included in WiFi networks to extend their coverage by repeating the signal to extend its range. Repeaters can receive and transmit onward signals from APs and end-user devices without wired connections.

WiFi antennas for WiFi are typically omnidirectional and resonant at either 2.4 or 5 GHz. WiFi antennas attach to routers and access points and may be able to be exchanged for a more powerful antenna of corresponding frequency. Radio cards may also be equipped with a connector for an external antenna. Directional antennas can also be useful for creating wireless links for WiFi or providing more focused coverage.

What is WiFi?

Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology used to create Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) per operational standards devised by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It is over two decades old and supersedes the local area's wired networking technology, Ethernet. WiFi is not only for networking-enabled devices but can also be used to access the internet, providing wireless internet access via a suitable access point (AP). Everyday devices like smartphones, laptop computers, printers, and cameras utilize WiFI, particularly for internet connectivity and to exchange data with one another.

What does Wi-Fi stand for?

WiFi is believed to be an abbreviation for Wireless Fidelity but is simply a brand name that IEEE’s Wi-Fi Alliance trademarks as a play on ‘Hi-Fi.’ As a proprietary brand, devices that carry the Wi-Fi logo must meet defined and certifiable operational standards that assure users of compatibility with other Wi-Fi-compliant networking components. The WiFi Alliance publishes the detailed standards, 802.11, that oversee the operation of Wi-Fi. These specification standards are now in their 6th iteration, known as WiFi 6 (802.11ax), and typically specify the frequencies, bandwidths hardware, and access points needed for optimal wireless connectivity.

The multiple WI-FI Technologies types (listed at the beginning of this article) are based on the specifications of particular versions of the 802.11 protocol. You can usually check the version of WiFi used on a device's labeling to ensure compatibility with your network components. Devices and hardware are usually able to function optimally using more than one version of WiFi but will only attain optimal connectivity with a version that they have in common, with most devices and networking components having backward compatibility.

There are currently 6 main versions of WiFi, which typically differ according to the following:

• The radio frequency bands they use
• Bandwidth they occupy
• The data rates they support
• The number of antennas that can be used
• Methods and techniques used to overcome interference

How does WiFi work?

This wireless network facilitates the exchange of data packets via ultra-high frequency and microwave radio communication. This data exchange uses two fundamental methods to encode the data transmitted on the multiple carrier frequencies within the Wi-Fi frequency bands.

• Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a method of changing the carrier signal to transmit the data packets by spreading the signal over a wider bandwidth than is necessary for the data alone. This is done to protect the data transmission from interference. The data packet is broken up into bits that undergo pseudorandom modulation. Once transmitted, the received signal is demodulated to recover the data.

• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an alternate and more sophisticated method of encoding data used by several recent versions of WiFi. This wideband communication technique involves dividing the available frequency band into multiple non-overlapping sub-bands, spread orthogonally, each carrying a small portion of the data packet to be transmitted. This robust method can support high-volume and high-speed communications and is often partnered with MIMO.

• Each WiFi-enabled device has its own globally unique address: a 48-bit media access control (MAC) address. These addresses determine the source and destination of the data transferred. Receiving devices will use the MAC to determine the received signals' relevance, rejecting data sent to other WiFi stations.

What is a star network?

A star network or spoke and hub topology is a network arrangement where networked objects and devices are connected to a central hub. It can be used for local and wide area networks. The hub functions as the network controller with either single or bi-directional communication between the subordinate devices and the hub. Star networks are resilient because a breakdown in communication between one downstream device and the controller does not stop the entire network from functioning. Omni-directional antennas are often used in star networks as they can support the necessary point-to-multipoint connectivity.

What is a mesh network?

This network topology comprises nodes, which either redistribute transmitted signals or are an end-point for communications. Participating nodes may be fully or partially connected in hierarchical or dynamic arrangements. This topology facilitates efficient data routing by hopping from node to node. Mesh networks are highly scalable and energy-efficient, especially when used in LP-WANs.